矩形冷却槽道内煤油热裂解过程数值研究

高马赫数下超燃冲压发动机煤油再生冷却过程中易发生热裂解反应导致结焦,因此有必要在冷却通道中开展热裂解过程研究。基于热裂解反应产物试验结果建立了一步热裂解总包反应,对煤油在冷却槽道中超临界流动换热以及热裂解过程展开了三维数值模拟研究,将固壁的传热和槽道内流动反应进行耦合计算,与三种不同热流密度的实验工况对比。结果表明,在热裂解反应发生以前,两相流模型的温度分布和实验数据吻合得很好,但随着燃油温度升高到450℃,燃料开始发生复杂的化学反应,两者开始出现偏离,温度越高,偏离越大。在引入热裂解反应模型之后,高温区域的温度显著降低,和实验结果吻合。热流密度越大,裂解反应率加剧,煤油反应转化率增大。煤油在弯折冷却通道中温度分布不对称。     

冷却通道预氧化处理抑制碳氢燃料热裂解结焦的研究

主动冷却超燃冲压发动机用吸热碳氢燃料应用过程中不可避免产生裂解结焦,这是制约燃料热沉能力和过程可靠性的重要因素。冷却通道表面进行预处理,是减少裂解结焦的重要途径之一。系统研究了预氧化321不锈钢管(Φ3 mm×0.5 mm)的元素迁移和微观结构。利用超临界航空煤油RP-3的热裂解反应为探针,研究预氧化处理对结焦的影响。实验发现,高温氧化后(900℃),管表面形成一层致密的Cr2O3膜,能减少碳沉积,几乎不生成纤维碳;较低温(600~800℃)氧化时,虽然Cr元素不断向金属表面迁移,Fe,Ni元素向金属内部迁移,但同时产生了大量空缺位提供渗碳通道,最终导致结焦量高于空管。     

超临界压力下正十烷流动传热的数值模拟

为了深入理解主动再生冷却过程中碳氢燃料的超临界传热特性,基于SIMPLE算法建立了数值模拟方法,考虑了碳氢燃料物性随温度的剧烈变化,并利用电加热管实验结果验证了计算方法。针对超临界压力下细管道内正十烷的流动传热现象进行了系统的数值计算研究,考察了计算网格无关性和超临界流动传热过程中的压力效应。结果表明:网格选择与正十烷的状态有关;在超临界压力下,较低的正十烷压力引起临界温度附近的努赛尔数减小,导致传热效率下降;目前常用的传热经验公式在正十烷临界区域附近与数值计算结果差别较大。     

Pressure distribution guided supercritical wing optimization

Pressure distribution is important information for engineers during an aerodynamic design process. Pressure Distribution Oriented (PDO) optimization design has been proposed to introduce pressure distribution manipulation into traditional performance dominated optimization. In previous PDO approaches, constraints or manual manipulation have been used to obtain a desirable pressure distribution. In the present paper, a new Pressure Distribution Guided (PDG) method is developed to enable better pressure distribution manipulation while maintaining optimization efficiency. Based on the RBF-Assisted Differential Evolution (RADE) algorithm, a surrogate model is built for target pressure distribution features. By introducing individuals suggested by sub-optimization on the surrogate model into the population, the direction of optimal searching can be guided. Pressure distribution expectation and aerodynamic performance improvement can be achieved at the same time. The improvements of the PDG method are illustrated by comparing its design results and efficiency on airfoil optimization test cases with those obtained using other methods. Then the PDG method is applied on a dual-aisle airplane’s inner-board wing design. A total drag reduction of 8 drag counts is achieved.     

超临界压力下航空煤油传热特性

为了弄清航空煤油在超临界压力下的传热情况,进行了超临界压力下航空煤油传热实验研究。由实验结果绘出了超临界压力下煤油传热曲线图。实验结果表明:煤油在超临界压力下传热情况从低温到高温依次历经四个过程:(1)正常传热段,这一段内实验管内壁温和煤油温度都低于临界温度;(2)传热强化段,这一段内管内壁温度达到拟临界温度,发生拟沸腾强化传热;(3)传热恶化段,这一段内煤油温度处于临界温度附近比热和导热系数都迅速达到极大值之后的缓慢减小区段;(4)第二次传热强化段,这一段是经过传热恶化后,随着温度的进一步升高,比热和导热系数又缓慢升高,出现第二次传热强化。     

Numerical study of a supercritical airfoil/wing with variable-camber technology

Variable-camber technology is considered an effective way to adaptively improve the aerodynamic performance of aircraft under various flight conditions. This paper studies the aerodynamic characteristics of the trailing-edge variable-camber technology by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a drag decomposition method. Trailing-edge variable-camber technology can be simply realized by the continuous deflection of the flaps and ailerons of a wing. A supercritical airfoil is used to study the two-dimensional effect of variable-camber technology, and a wide-body airplane model is used to validate the three-dimensional improvement in the wing's airfoil made by variable-camber technology. An optimization strategy for airfoil that incorporates variable-camber technology is proposed. The optimization results demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain better results than the traditional segregated shape optimization.     

脉冲纹影技术及其在超声速燃烧室流场显示中的应用

超声速燃烧室内部流场具有流速快、温度高、背景光辐射强等特点,其流场显示较为困难.为此设计了一套脉冲纹影系统,该系统通过缩短曝光时间来冻结流场;另一方面,利用脉冲火花光源在短曝光时间内脉冲放电能量远高于燃烧室背景辐射能量的特点,有效消除了燃烧室背景辐射的影响.利用该系统对马赫数3.0的超临界煤油燃烧流场结构进行研究,得到了超临界煤油燃烧过程的清晰流场结构图像及其演化过程.     

Frictional resistance of supercritical pressure RP-3 flowing in a vertically downward tube at constant heat fluxes

Based on the demands of compact heat exchangers and micro cooling channels applied for aviation thermal protection, the flow resistance characteristics of aviation kerosene RP-3 were experimentally studied in a vertically downward circular miniature tube with an inner diameter of 1.86 mm at supercritical pressures and constant heat fluxes. A long and short tube method was used to accurately calculate the frictional pressure drop, and experimental conditions are supercritical pressures of 4 MPa, mass flow rates of 2–4 g/s (i.e., mass fluxes of 736–1472 kg/(m²?s)), heat fluxes of 100–500 kW/m², and inlet temperatures of 373–673 K. Results show that the sharp variations of thermophysical properties, especially density, have significant influences on frictional resistances. Generally, the frictional pressure drop and the friction factor increase with increasing inlet temperatures, and this trend speeds up in the relatively high-temperature region. However, the friction factor has a sudden decline when the fuel outlet temperature exceeds the pseudo-critical temperature. The frictional pressure drop and the friction factor basically remain unchanged with increasing heat flux when the inlet temperature is relatively low, but increase quickly when the inlet temperature is relatively high. Besides, a larger mass flux yields a higher pressure drop but does not necessarily yield a higher friction factor. Finally, an empirical friction factor correlation is proposed and shows better predictive performance than those of previous models.     

Effect of turbulence models on predicting convective heat transfer to hydrocarbon fuel at supercritical pressure

A variety of turbulence models were used to perform numerical simulations of heat transfer for hydrocarbon fuel flowing upward and downward through uniformly heated vertical pipes at supercritical pressure. Inlet temperatures varied from 373 K to 663 K, with heat flux rang-ing from 300 kW/m2 to 550 kW/m2. Comparative analyses between predicted and experimental results were used to evaluate the ability of turbulence models to respond to variable thermophys-ical properties of hydrocarbon fuel at supercritical pressure. It was found that the prediction per-formance of turbulence models is mainly determined by the damping function, which enables them to respond differently to local flow conditions. Although prediction accuracy for experimental results varied from condition to condition, the shear stress transport (SST) and launder and sharma models performed better than all other models used in the study. For very small buoyancy-influenced runs, the thermal-induced acceleration due to variations in density lead to the impairment of heat transfer occurring in the vicinity of pseudo-critical points, and heat transfer was enhanced at higher temperatures through the combined action of four thermophysical properties: density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat. For very large buoyancy-influenced runs, the thermal-induced acceleration effect was over predicted by the LS and AB models.     

大庆RP-3航空煤油热物性分析

1引言在超燃冲压发动机的实际运行过程中,吸热碳氢燃料通常被当作冷却剂去吸收气动加热和燃烧施于机体的热量,其温度和状态随着飞行马赫数的不同而发生变化。与液态燃料相比,在加热条件下,燃料的热物理特性及其喷注、混合和燃烧等过程有很大的不同,例如,临界点附近燃料的热力学